Nonpeptide hiv-1 protease inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Novel compounds and compositions for treating patients in need of relief from HIV, AIDS, and AIDS-related diseases are described. Methods for treating HIV, AIDS, and AIDS-related diseases using the compounds described herein are also described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/077,343, filed on Jul. 1, 2008, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention pertains to the field of non-peptide inhibitors of HIV protease enzymes and their use in the treatment of HIV infections.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The AIDS epidemic is one of the most challenging problems in medicine in the 21st century. A retrovirus designated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiological agent of the complex disease that includes progressive destruction of the immune system (acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS) and degeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system. This virus was previously known as LAV, HTLV-III, or ARV. A common feature of retrovirus replication is the extensive post-translational processing of precursor polyproteins by a vitally encoded protease to generate mature vital proteins required for virus assembly and function. Inhibition of this processing prevents the production of normally infectious virus. It has been previously demonstrated that genetic inactivation of the HIV encoded protease resulted in the production of immature, non-infectious virus particles. These results indicate that inhibition of the HIV protease represents a viable method for the treatment of AIDS and the prevention or treatment of infection by HIV.

Among many strategies to combat this disease, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) continues to be the first line treatment for control of HIV infection. This treatment regimen has definitely improved quality of life, enhanced HIV management, and halted the progression of the disease. However, despite these impressive successes, there remain many challenges to treating this devastating disease, including decreasing both the toxicity of and complexity of these treatment regimens. In addition, there is a growing population of patients that are developing multi-drug resistant strains of HIV, and there is ample evidence that these strains can be further transmitted.

HAART has had a major impact on the AIDS epidemic in industrially advanced nations; however, eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1) appears to be currently unachieved, in part due to the viral reservoirs remaining in blood and infected tissues. The limitation of antiviral therapy of AIDS is also exacerbated by complicated regimens, the development of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, and a number of inherent adverse effects. However, a number of challenges have nonetheless been encountered in bringing about the optimal benefits of the currently available therapeutics of AIDS and HIV-1 infection to individuals receiving HAART. They include (i) drug-related toxicities; (ii) partial restoration of immunologic functions once individuals developed AIDS; (iii) development of various cancers as a consequence of survival prolongation; (iv) flame-up of inflammation in individuals receiving HAART or immune re-construction syndrome (IRS); and (v) increased cost of antiviral therapy. Such limitations of HAART are exacerbated by the development of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed that successful antiviral drugs exert their virus-specific effects by interacting with viral receptors, virally encoded enzymes, viral structural components, viral genes, or their transcripts without disturbing cellular metabolism or function. However, at present, it is believed that current antiretroviral drugs and agents are unlikely to be completely specific for HIV-1 or to be devoid of toxicity or side effects in the therapy of AIDS. Those issues are of special note because patients with AIDS and its related diseases will have to receive antiretroviral therapy for a long period of time, perhaps for the rest of their lives.

The invention described herein includes novel compounds and compositions for treating patients in need of relief from HIV, AIDS, and AIDS-related diseases. In addition, the invention described herein includes methods for treating HIV, AIDS, and AIDS-related diseases using the compounds described herein as well as known compounds that heretofore have not been used or described as being useful in the treatment of such diseases.

The compounds described herein may be used in the treatment of HIV, AIDS, and AIDS-related diseases. Without being bound by theory, it is suggested that the compounds described herein may exert their utility by the inhibition of proteases encoded by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), such as HIV-1. The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are of value in the prevention of infection by HIV, the treatment of infection by HIV and the treatment of the resulting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), either as compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or pharmaceutical composition ingredients. It is appreciated that the compounds described herein may be used alone or in combination with other compounds useful for treating such diseases, including those compounds that may operate by the same or different modes of action. Further, it is appreciated that the compounds and compositions described herein may be administered alone or with other compounds and compositions, such as other antivirals, immunomodulators, antibiotics, vaccines, and the like.

In one illustrative embodiment, a compound of the following Formula I is described.

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, mixture of isomers, crystalline form, non crystalline form, hydrate, or solvate thereof; wherein

R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

Q¹ is a cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene, each of which is optionally substituted;

X^(1A) is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; and R^(1A) is —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(1A) and X^(1A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

X² is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

X³ is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—;

X⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)R¹²)—, or —CH(S(O)_(n)R¹¹)—;

X⁵ is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R⁸)R⁹, —OR¹⁰, —S(O)^(n)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹², alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R³, R⁴, X⁴ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

p is independently 1 or 2 in each instance; and n and q are each independently 0, 1, or 2 in each instance;

R²⁰ is hydrogen, or a prodrug forming group;

R⁸ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R¹³, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R⁹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁰ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 0; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 1; and R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —N(R¹⁵)R¹⁶, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 2;

R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁴ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and

R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, and R¹⁹ are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

with the proviso that the compound is not

In another illustrative embodiment, a compound of the following Formula II is described.

and solvates, hydrates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein:

W and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond and a divalent group CR^(A), CR^(A) ₂, N, NR^(A), O, S(O)_(m) and covalently bonded combinations thereof; where m is an integer from 0 to 2; providing that neither W nor Z comprises O—O, or O—S(O); and providing that W, Z, and the attached carbons form at least a five-membered ring;

bonds a, b, c, and d are each independently selected from the group consisting single bond, double bond, and aromatic bond;

R^(A) is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halo, nitro, cyano, OR^(13A), SR^(13A), S(O)R^(13A), SO₂R^(13A), NR^(13A)R^(14A), CO₂R^(13A), CONR^(13A)R^(14A), aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; where R^(13A) and R^(14A) are each independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(13A) and R^(14A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R¹ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and X¹ is a bond, alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, or cycloheteroalkylene, each of which is optionally substituted; or R¹ and X¹ together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

L¹ is —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —NR⁷C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or —CR⁷R^(8A)—; where n is 1 or 2; and R⁷ and R^(8A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R⁷ and R^(8A) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl;

L² is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—, where p is 1 or 2;

R^(5A) is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R²⁰ is independently in each instance hydrogen or a pro-drug moiety;

L³ is —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NR⁴—, —NR²⁰C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —NR²⁰S(O)_(q)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)NR^(9A)R^(10A))—, —CH(C(O)OR^(9A))—, or —CH(S(O)_(r)R^(9A))—; where q is 1 or 2; r is an integer from 0 to 2; and R^(9A) and R^(10A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(9A) and R^(10A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; and

R^(4A) is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; and R^(3A) is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, —NR²⁰R^(6a), -alkylene-SR^(11A), -alkylene-OR^(11A), -alkylene-NR^(11A)R^(12A); where R^(6a) is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, -alkylene-SR^(11A), -alkylene-OR^(11A), or -alkylene-NR^(11A)R^(12A); where R^(11A) and R^(12A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R^(11A) and R^(12A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; or R^(4A) and R^(3A) together with L³ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted mono or bicyclic heterocycle;

providing that the compound is not

and

providing that when L³ is C(O), R^(4A) is aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(4A) and R^(3A) together with L³ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocycle.

In another illustrative embodiment, a compound of the following Formula III is described.

and solvates, hydrates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein:

A is a divalent aromatic group;

R¹ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and X¹ is a bond, alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, or cycloheteroalkylene, each of which is optionally substituted; or R¹ and X¹ together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

L⁴ is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or —CR⁷R^(8A)—; where n is 1 or 2; R⁷ and R^(8A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, or R⁷ and R^(8A) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

L² is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—, where p is 1 or 2;

R^(5A) is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R²⁰ is hydrogen or a pro-drug moiety;

L⁵ is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, NR^(9A), optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)NR^(9A)R^(10A))—, —CH(C(O)OR^(9A))—, or —CH(S(O)_(r)R^(9A))—; where q is 1 or 2; r is an integer from 0 to 2; and R^(9A) and R^(10A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(9A) and R^(10A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R^(4A) is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; R^(3B) is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, -alkylene-SR^(11A), alkylene-OR^(11A) or -alkylene-NR^(11A)R^(12A), where R^(11A) and R^(12A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(11A) and R^(12A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; or R^(4A) and R^(3B) together with L⁵ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocycle;

with the proviso that the compound is not

In another embodiment, methods for treating AIDS, HIV, and other AIDS-related diseases are described herein, where the method includes the step of administering to a patient in need of relief from the disease a therapeutically effective amount or one or more compounds of Formulae I, II, and/or III.

In another embodiment, methods for treating AIDS, HIV, and other AIDS-related diseases are described herein, where the method includes the step of administering to a patient in need of relief from the disease a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula IV, or a composition containing one or more compounds of Formula IV

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, mixture of isomers, crystalline form, non crystalline form, hydrate, or solvate thereof; wherein

R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

Q¹ is a cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene, each of which is optionally substituted;

X^(1A) is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; and R^(1A) is —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(1A) and X^(1A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

X² is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

X³ is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—;

X⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)R¹²)—, or —CH(S(O)_(n)R¹¹)—;

X⁵ is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R⁸)R⁹, —OR¹⁰, —S(O)_(n)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹², alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R³, R⁴, X⁴ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

p is independently 1 or 2 in each instance; and n and q are each independently 0, 1, or 2 in each instance;

R²⁰ is hydrogen, or a prodrug forming group;

R⁸ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R¹³, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R⁹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁰ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 0; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 1; and R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —N(R¹⁵)R¹⁶, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 2;

R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁴ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and

R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, and R¹⁹ are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.

In another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of Formulae I, II and/or III are described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one illustrative embodiment, a compound of the following Formula I is described.

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, mixture of isomers, crystalline form, non crystalline form, hydrate, or solvate thereof; wherein

R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

Q¹ is a cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene, each of which is optionally substituted;

X^(1A) is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; and R^(1A) is —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(1A) and X^(1A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

X² is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

X³ is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—;

X⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)R¹²)—, or —CH(S(O)_(n)R¹¹)—;

X⁵ is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R⁸)R⁹, —OR¹⁰, —S(O)_(n)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹², alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R³, R⁴, X⁴ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

p is independently 1 or 2 in each instance; and n and q are each independently 0, 1, or 2 in each instance;

R²⁰ is hydrogen, or a prodrug forming group;

R⁸ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R¹³, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R⁹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁰ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 0; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 1; and R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —N(R¹⁵)R¹⁶, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 2;

R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁴ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and

R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹ are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

with the proviso that the compound is not

In another embodiment, a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, mixture of isomers, crystalline form, non crystalline form, hydrate, or solvate thereof is described herein;

wherein

R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

Q¹ is a cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene, each of which is optionally substituted;

X^(1A) is a bond, —C(O)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; and R^(1A) is S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(1A) and X^(1A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

X² is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

X³ is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—;

X⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)R¹²)—, or —CH(S(O)_(n)R¹¹)—;

X⁵ is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R⁸)R⁹, —OR¹⁰, —S(O)_(n)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹², alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R³, R⁴, X⁴ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

p is independently 1 or 2 in each instance; and n and q are each independently 0, 1, or 2 in each instance;

R²⁰ is hydrogen, or a prodrug forming group;

R⁸ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R¹³, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R⁹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁰ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 0; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 1; and R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —N(R¹⁵)R¹⁶, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 2;

R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁴ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and

R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, and R¹⁹ are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

with the proviso that the compound is not

In another illustrative embodiment, a compound of the preceding embodiment is described herein wherein X^(1A)—N(R^(1A))—X²-Q¹-X³ are taken to form C(O)—N(R^(1A))-Q¹-C(O); and Q¹ is an optionally substituted 1,4-arylene.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of the preceding embodiment are described herein wherein X^(1A)—N(R^(1A))—X²-Q¹-X³ are taken to form C(O)—N(R^(1A))-Q¹-C(O); and Q¹ is an optionally substituted 1,4-phenylene;

In another illustrative embodiment, a compound of the following Formula II is described.

and solvates, hydrates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein:

W and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond and a divalent group CR^(A), CR^(A) ₂, N, NR^(A), O, S(O)_(m) and covalently bonded combinations thereof; where m is an integer from 0 to 2; providing that neither W nor Z comprises O—O, or O—S(O); and providing that W, Z, and the attached carbons form at least a five-membered ring;

bonds a, b, c, and d are each independently selected from the group consisting single bond, double bond, and aromatic bond;

R^(A) is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halo, nitro, cyano, OR^(13A), SR^(13A), S(O)R^(13A), SO₂R^(13A), NR^(13A)R^(14A), CO₂R^(13A), CONR^(13A)R^(14A), aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; where R^(13A) and R^(14A) are each independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(13A) and R^(14A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R¹ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and X¹ is a bond, alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, or cycloheteroalkylene, each of which is optionally substituted; or R¹ and X¹ together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

L¹ is —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —NR⁷C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or —CR⁷R^(8A)—; where n is 1 or 2; and R⁷ and R^(8A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R⁷ and R^(8A) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl;

L² is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—, where p is 1 or 2;

R^(5A) is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R²⁰ is independently in each instance hydrogen or a pro-drug moiety;

L³ is —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NR⁴—, —NR²⁰C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —NR²⁰S(O)_(q)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)NR^(9A)R^(10A))—, —CH(C(O)OR^(9A))—, or —CH(S(O)_(r)R^(9A))—; where q is 1 or 2; r is an integer from 0 to 2; and R^(9A) and R^(10A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(9A) and R^(10A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; and

R^(4A) is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; and R^(3A) is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, —NR²⁰R^(6a), -alkylene-SR^(11A)-alkylene-OR^(11A), -alkylene-NR^(11A)R^(12A); where R^(6a) is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, -alkylene-SR^(11A), -alkylene-OR^(11A), or -alkylene-NR^(11A)R^(12A); where R^(11A) and R^(12A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R^(11A) and R^(12A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; or R^(4A) and R^(3A) together with L³ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted mono or bicyclic heterocycle;

providing that the compound is not

and

providing that when L³ is C(O), R^(4A) is aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(4A) and R^(3A) together with L³ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocycle.

In another illustrative embodiment, a compound of the following Formula III is described.

and solvates, hydrates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein:

A is a divalent aromatic group;

R¹ is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and X¹ is a bond, alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, or cycloheteroalkylene, each of which is optionally substituted; or R¹ and X¹ together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

L⁴ is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or —CR⁷R^(8A)—; where n is 1 or 2; R⁷ and R^(8A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, or R⁷ and R^(8A) together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

L² is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—, where p is 1 or 2;

R^(5A) is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R²⁰ is hydrogen or a pro-drug moiety;

L⁵ is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, NR^(9A), optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)NR^(9A)R^(10A))—, —CH(C(O)OR^(9A))—, or —CH(S(O)_(r)R^(9A))—; where q is 1 or 2; r is an integer from 0 to 2; and R^(9A) and R^(10A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(9A) and R^(10A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R^(4A) K is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; R^(3B) is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, -alkylene-SR^(11A), -alkylene-OR^(11A) or -alkylene-NR^(11A)R^(12A), where R^(11A) and R^(12A) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(11A) and R^(12A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; or R^(4A) and R^(3B) together with L⁵ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocycle;

with the proviso that the compound is not

In another illustrative embodiment, a compound of the following Formula V is described.

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, mixture of isomers, crystalline form, non crystalline form, hydrate, or solvate thereof; wherein

R⁴⁰ is hydrogen, alkyl or heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R⁴¹ is hydrogen, alkyl or heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

X³ is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—;

X⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)R¹²)—, or —CH(S(O)_(n)R¹¹)—;

X⁵ is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R⁸)R⁹, —OR¹⁰, —S(O)_(n)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹², alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R³, R⁴, X⁴ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

p is independently 1 or 2 in each instance; and q is independently 0, 1, or 2 in each instance;

R²⁰ is hydrogen, or a prodrug forming group;

R⁸ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R¹³, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R⁹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁰ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 0; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 1; and R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —N(R¹⁵)R¹⁶, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 2;

R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁴ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and

R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, and R¹⁹ are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.

In another embodiment, methods for treating AIDS, HIV, and other AIDS-related diseases are described herein, where the method includes the step of administering to a patient in need of relief from the disease a therapeutically effective amount or one or more compounds of Formulae I, II, III and/or V, or a composition containing one or more compounds of Formulae I, II, III and/or V.

In another embodiment, methods for treating AIDS, HIV, and other AIDS-related diseases are described herein, where the method includes the step of administering to a patient in need of relief from the disease a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula IV, or a composition containing one or more compounds of Formula IV

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, mixture of isomers, crystalline form, non crystalline form, hydrate, or solvate thereof; wherein

R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

Q¹ is a cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene, each of which is optionally substituted;

X^(1A) is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; and R^(1A) is —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(1A) and X^(1A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

X² is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

X³ is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—;

X⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)R¹²)—, or —CH(S(O)_(n)R¹¹)—;

X⁵ is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene;

R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R⁸)R⁹, —OR¹⁰, —S(O)_(n)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹², alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R³, R⁴, X⁴ and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

p is independently 1 or 2 in each instance; and n and q are each independently 0, 1, or 2 in each instance;

R²⁰ is hydrogen, or a prodrug forming group;

R⁸ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R¹³, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R⁹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁰ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 0; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 1; and R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —N(R¹⁵)R¹⁶, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 2;

R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;

R¹⁴ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and

R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, and R¹⁹ are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.

In another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of Formulae I, II and/or III are described herein.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R^(1A) and X^(1A) and the attached nitrogen, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In another illustrative embodiment, R^(1A) and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted oxazole. In another illustrative embodiment, R^(1A) and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, and the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted pyrrolidine. In another illustrative embodiment, R^(1A) and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are alkyl and alkylene, respectively.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein X² and X³, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are —C(O)—.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein X⁴, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is —C(O)— or —S(O)₂—, and R³, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted. In another illustrative embodiment, R³, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, X⁴ and R⁴, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, taken together form optionally substituted arylsulfonyl, such as methoxy, amino, methoxylmethyl, and the like phenyl sulfonyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein X⁵, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is optionally substituted alkylene. In another illustrative embodiment, X⁵ and R⁵, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, taken together form optionally substituted arylalkyl, such as benzyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein Q¹, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, and IV is arene or heteroarene, each of which is optionally substituted.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein X² and X³, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are —C(O)— and Q¹ is optionally substituted 1,3-phenylene. In another illustrative embodiment, X² and X³, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are —C(O)— and Q¹ is N-alkyl alkylsulfonylamino, dialkylamino, alkylamino, amino, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, and like substituted 1,3-phenylene, where the substituent is on C-5. In another illustrative embodiment, X² and X³, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are —C(O)— and Q¹ is optionally substituted 2,4-pyridindiyl or 3,5-pyridindiyl. In another illustrative embodiment, X² and X³, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are —C(O)— and Q¹ is dialkylamino, alkylamino, amino, alkyl, and like substituted 2,4-pyridindiyl, where the substituent is on C-6.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R³, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is C₃-C₁₀ alkyl or cycloalkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclyl, such as optionally substituted thiazole. In another illustrative embodiment, R, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is optionally substituted oxazole. In another illustrative embodiment, R, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is alkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, taken together form alkyl, and R^(1A), and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is alkyl. In another illustrative embodiment, R and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, taken together form alkyl, and R^(1A), and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is hydrogen. In another illustrative embodiment, R and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, taken together form optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and R^(1A), and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is alkyl. In another illustrative embodiment, R and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, taken together form optionally substituted heterocycyl, and R^(1A), and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is alkyl. In another illustrative embodiment, R, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is optionally substituted heteroaryl, X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is alkylene, such as methylene, and R^(1A), and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is alkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R⁵, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is optionally substituted aryl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein X⁴ and R⁴, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are taken together to form an optionally substituted arylsulphonyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R³, R⁴ and X⁴, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are taken together to form a heterocyclyl carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof. In another illustrative embodiment, R³, R⁴ and X⁴, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are taken together to form piperazinylcarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof. In another illustrative embodiment, R³, R⁴ and X⁴, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are taken together to form perhydroisoquinolinyl carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R³, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is branched alkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R²⁰, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is hydrogen.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein X⁵ and R⁵, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, taken together form an optionally substituted arylalkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein Q¹, and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, and IV, is phenylene or pyridinylene, each of which is optionally substituted.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein X² and R^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are C(O), and hydrogen or alkyl, respectively, and wherein R and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R, R^(1A) and X^(1A), and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein Q¹, and the corresponding groups in each of Formulae II, III, IV, is a 1,3-phenylene, substituted at the 5-position with an N-alkyl-alkylsulfonamido group.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein W and Z are independently selected from the group of divalent groups consisting of CR^(A), N, O, S(O)_(m) and covalently bonded combinations thereof. In another illustrative embodiment, W and Z are each independently selected from the group of divalent groups consisting of N, CR^(A), and covalently bonded combinations thereof. In another illustrative embodiment, W, Z, and the attached carbons form a six-membered ring. In another illustrative embodiment, W, Z, and the attached carbons form an aromatic ring. In another illustrative embodiment, Z, W, a, b, c and d are taken together to form a phenylene or pyridinylene, each of which is optionally substituted.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula and III are described herein wherein A is a monocyclic or bicyclic divalent aromatic group. In another illustrative embodiment, A is a divalent phenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyrazinyl group. In another illustrative embodiment, A is phenylene or pyridinylene, each of which is optionally substituted.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein L¹ and L² are —C(O)—.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein L⁴ and L² are —C(O)—.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein L³ is SO₂ or C(O).

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein L⁵ is SO₂ or C(O).

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein R^(3A) is not hydrogen. In another illustrative embodiment, R^(3A) is optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀ alkyl. In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein R^(3B) is optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀ alkyl. In another illustrative embodiment, R^(3B) is not hydrogen.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein L³ is alkylene and R^(4A) is aryl substituted with an oxygen or nitrogen containing substituent. In another illustrative embodiment, L⁵ is alkylene and R^(4A) is aryl substituted with an oxygen or nitrogen containing substituent. In another illustrative embodiment, L³ is alkylene and R^(4A) is aryl substituted with an oxygen or nitrogen containing substituent, where the substituent is vicinal to L³. In another illustrative embodiment, L⁵ is alkylene and R^(4A) is aryl substituted with an oxygen or nitrogen containing substituent, where the substituent is vicinal to L⁵. In another illustrative embodiment, L³ and R^(4A) are taken together to form an optionally substituted arylsulphonyl. In another illustrative embodiment, L⁵ and R^(4A) are taken together to form an optionally substituted arylsulphonyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein R^(3A), R^(4A) and L³ are taken together to form a heterocyclyl carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof. In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein R^(3B), R^(4A) and L⁵ are taken together to form a heterocyclyl carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein R^(3A), R^(4A) and L³ are taken together to form piperazinylcarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof. In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein R^(3B), R^(4A) and L⁵ are taken together to form piperazinylcarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein R^(3A), R^(4A) and L³ are taken together to form perhydroisoquinolinyl carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof. In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein R^(3B), R^(4A) and L⁵ are taken together to form perhydroisoquinolinyl carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein R^(3A) is branched alkyl. In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein R^(3B) is branched alkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein R²⁰ is hydrogen. In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein R²⁰ is hydrogen.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula I are described herein wherein R^(5A), and the corresponding group in each of Formulae II, III, IV, and V, is optionally substituted arylalkyl. In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein R^(5A) is optionally substituted arylalkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula II are described herein wherein L¹ is C(O), R¹ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R and X¹ are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula III are described herein wherein L⁴ is C(O), R¹ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R and X¹ are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formulae II and III are described herein wherein R, R¹ and X¹ are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula V are described herein wherein X³ is —C(O)—, R⁴⁰ is alkyl, and R⁴¹ is alkyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using compounds of Formula V are described herein wherein X³ is —C(O)—, R⁴⁰ is methyl and R⁴¹ is ethyl.

In another illustrative embodiment, the methods described herein include compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds of the following formulae

In one illustrative embodiment, the methods described herein include compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds of the following formulae

In another illustrative embodiment, the methods described herein include compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds of the following formulae

In another illustrative embodiment, the methods described herein include compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds of the following formulae

In another illustrative embodiment, the methods described herein include compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds of the following formulae

In another illustrative embodiment, the methods described herein include compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds of the following formulae

In another illustrative embodiment, the methods described herein include compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds of the following formulae

In another illustrative embodiment, the methods described herein include compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds of the following formulae

In another illustrative embodiment, compounds that inhibit HIV protease are described. Illustrative examples of such compounds are shown in TABLE 1.

In another embodiment, pharmaceutical dosage forms of and methods of administration of the compounds are described herein. The compounds described herein can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of conventional oral, parenteral and topical dosage forms, utilizing art-recognized products. See generally, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, (21^(st) ed., 2005). Thus, the compounds described herein can be administered by injection (e.g. intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally). Also, the compounds described herein can be administered by inhalation, for example, intranasally. Additionally, the compounds described herein can be administered transdermally. It is also envisioned that multiple routes of administration (e.g., intramuscular, oral, transdermal) can be used to administer the compounds described herein. Accordingly, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and one or more compounds described herein are described.

In making the formulations of the compounds described herein, a therapeutically effective amount of the inhibitor in any of the various forms described herein may be mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient, or enclosed within such a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. Excipients may serve as a diluent, and can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid materials, which act as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the formulation compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders. The compositions may contain anywhere from about 0.1% to about 99.9% active ingredients, depending upon the selected dose and dosage form. Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxybenzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art. It is appreciated that the carriers, diluents, and excipients used to prepare the compositions described herein are advantageously GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) compounds.

The compounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers, or may otherwise be capable of existing as multiple stereoisomers. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention includes pure stereoisomers as well as mixtures of stereoisomers, such as enantiomers, diastereomers, and enantiomerically or diastereomerically enriched mixtures. The compounds described herein may be capable of existing as geometric isomers. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention includes pure geometric isomers or mixtures of geometric isomers.

In this and other embodiments described herein, it is understood that the compounds may be neutral or may be one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, crystalline forms, non crystalline forms, hydrates, or solvates, or a combination of the foregoing. Accordingly, all references to the compounds described herein may refer to the neutral molecule, and/or those additional forms thereof collectively and individually from the context.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein includes molecular fragments or radicals comprising a bivalent chain of carbon atoms, at least a portion of which forms a ring. It is to be understood that the term cycloalkyl as used herein includes fragments and radicals attached at either ring atoms or non-ring atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, 3-ethylcyclopent-1-yl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, and the like.

The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein generally refers to a monovalent chain of carbon atoms containing one or more unsaturated bonds, at least a portion of which forms a ring.

The term “cycloalkylene” as used herein includes molecular fragments or radicals comprising a bivalent chain of carbon atoms, a portion of which forms a ring. It is to be understood that the term cycloalkyl as used herein includes fragments and radicals attached at either ring atoms or non-ring atoms, such as cycloprop-1,1-diyl, cycloprop-1,2-diyl, cyclohex-1,4-diyl, 3-ethylcyclopent-1,2-diyl, 1-methylenecyclohex-4-yl, and the like.

The terms “heteroalkyl” and “heteroalkylene” as used herein includes molecular fragments or radicals comprising monovalent and divalent, respectively, groups that are formed from a linear or branched chain of carbon atoms and heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms are selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, such as alkoxyalkyl, alkyleneoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, alkyleneaminoalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylenethioalkyl, alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkoxyalkyl, alkyleneoxyalkylaminoalkyl, and the like. It is to be understood that neither heteroalkyl nor heteroalkylene includes oxygen-oxygen fragments. It is also to be understood that neither heteroalkyl nor heteroalkylene includes oxygen-sulfur fragments, unless the sulfur is oxidized as S(O) or S(O)₂.

As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” generally refers to an alkyl group wherein one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen atom, independently selected in each instance from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Non-limiting, illustrative examples include, difluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chlorobutyl, 2-chloro-2-propyl, trifluoromethyl, bromodifluoromethyl, and the like.

The terms “heterocycle” and “heterocycloalkylene” as used herein include molecular fragments or radicals comprising a monovalent or divalent chain of carbon atoms and heteroatoms, respectively, wherein the heteroatoms are selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, at least a portion of which, including at least one heteroatom, form a ring, such as aziridine, pyrrolidine, oxazolidine, 3-methoxypyrrolidine, 3-methylpiperazine, and the like, and wherein the fragment or radical may contain one or more unsaturated bonds. Accordingly, as used herein, heterocycle includes alkylheterocycle, heteroalkylheterocycle, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclylheteroalkyl, and the like. It is to be understood that the term heterocycle as used herein includes fragments and radicals attached at either ring atoms or non-ring atoms, such as tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperazin-1-yl, morpholin-1-yl, tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl, piperidin-1-ylethyl, piperidin-4-ylmethyl, piperazin-1-ylpropyl, morpholin-1-ylethyl, and the like. It is also understood that

The term “aryl” as used herein includes molecular fragments or radicals comprising an aromatic mono or polycyclic ring of carbon atoms, such as phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein includes molecular fragments or radicals comprising an aromatic mono or polycyclic ring of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, such as pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, and the like.

The term “substituted aryl” or “substituted heteroaryl” as used herein includes molecular fragments or radicals comprising aryl or heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituents, such as alkyl, heteroalkyl, halo, hydroxy, amino, alkyl or dialkylamino, alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, carboxylate, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, cyano, nitro, and the like. It is to be understood that the alkyl groups in such substituents may be optionally substituted with halo.

It is also appreciated that in the foregoing embodiments, certain aspects of the compounds are presented in the alternative, such as selections for any one or more of R, R^(A), Q¹, W, Z, X¹, X^(1A), X², X³, X⁴, X⁵, L¹, L², L³, L⁴, L⁵ A, R¹, R^(1A), R², R³, R^(3A), R^(3B), R⁴, R⁵, R^(4A), R^(5A), R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R^(8A), R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R^(9A), R^(10A), R^(11A), R^(12A), R^(13A), R^(14A), R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰, a, b, c, d, n, m, p, q, and r. It is therefore to be understood that various alternate embodiments of the invention include individual members of those lists, as well as the various subsets of those lists. Each of those combinations is to be understood to be described herein by way of the lists. For example, in such alternative embodiments, compounds of Formula I are described wherein R is a substituted heteroaryl, X^(1A) is alkylene, Q¹ is a 1,3-phenylene, and each of X² and X³ is C(O).

The examples described herein are to be construed as illustrative only and are not meant to limit the scope of compounds or compositions that are contemplated in the present invention and a skilled person will readily recognize additional compounds that fall within the scope of the present invention.

METHODS AND EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis

The compounds herein contemplated are synthesized by an appropriate combination of generally well known synthetic methods. Techniques useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are both readily apparent and accessible to those of skill in the relevant art. The discussion below is offered to illustrate certain of the diverse methods available for use in assembling the compounds described herein. However, the discussion is not intended to define the scope of reactions or reaction sequences that are useful in preparing the compounds described herein.

In an illustrative example, inhibitors described herein are synthesized using the route shown in the following scheme. Other examples can be prepared using routine modifications, known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis, of the schemes shown herein.

In another embodiment, compounds of formula I, wherein X² and X³ are —C(O)— and R²⁰ is hydrogen are synthesized as shown below.

In another embodiment, compounds of formula I, wherein X² and X³ are —C(O)— and R²⁰ is hydrogen are synthesized as shown below.

In another embodiment, compounds of formula II, wherein L¹ and L² are —C(O)— and R²⁰ is hydrogen are synthesized as shown below.

In another embodiment, compounds of formula III, wherein L⁴ and L² are —C(O)— and R²⁰ is hydrogen are synthesized as shown below.

Example 2 Inhibition of HIV Proteases

Without being bound by theory, it is suggested that the compounds described herein may exert their utility by the inhibition of proteases encoded by human immunodeficiency virus. Techniques for measurement of the ability of the compounds herein described to decrease the proteolytic activity of proteases encoded by HIV are well known to those skilled in the relevant art and any one or combination of such techniques can be used to measure the inhibition of protease activity of the compound herein described. One illustrative method is described by Toth and Marshall (Toth & Marshall, Int. J. Pep. Protein Res. (1990), 36, 544-550). The disclosure of the foregoing is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In addition, the entirety of the disclosures of each of the publications cited herein are also incorporated herein by reference. Measured inhibition constants are shown in TABLE 1.

TABLE 1 Inhibition Inhibition of of HIV-1 Compound HIV-1 (K_(i)) (IC₅₀)

  0.6 nM

  0.6 nM 0.02 μM

   300 nM

   400 nM

   20 nM

  1000 nM

  1000 nM

   300 nM

   200 nM

   200 nM

   40 nM

   50 nM

    5 nM

   100 nM

   20 nM

   200 nM

   20 nM

   0.3 nM

   0.6 nM

   0.2 nM 0.03 μM

    6 nM

    1 nM

   5 nM

   70 nM

   100 nM

   0.1 nM

   600 nM

    2 nM

   30 nM

0.03-08 nM  32 nM 

1.-71. (canceled)
 72. A compound of the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; Q¹ is a cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene, each of which is optionally substituted; X^(1A) is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; and R^(1A) is —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(1A) and X^(1A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocycle; X² is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; X³ is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(p)—; X⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)R¹²)—, or —CH(S(O)_(n)R¹¹)—; X⁵ is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R⁸)R⁹, —OR¹⁰, —S(O)_(n)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹², alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R³, R⁴, X⁴ and the attached nitrogen are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocycle; p is independently 1 or 2 in each instance; and n and q are each independently 0, 1, or 2 in each instance; R²⁰ is hydrogen, or a prodrug forming group; R⁸ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R¹³, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R¹⁰ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 0; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 1; and R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —N(R¹⁵)R¹⁶, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 2; R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R¹⁴ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, and R¹⁹ are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; with the proviso that the compound is not


73. The compound of claim 72 wherein R^(1A) and X^(1A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocycle.
 74. The compound of claim 72 wherein X² and X³ are —C(O)—.
 75. The compound of claim 72 wherein X⁴ is —C(O)— or —S(O)₂—, and R³ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
 76. The compound of claim 72 wherein X⁵ is optionally substituted alkylene.
 77. The compound of claim 72 wherein Q¹ is arylene or heteroarylene, each of which is optionally substituted.
 78. The compound of claim 72 wherein X² and X³ are —C(O)— and Q¹ is optionally substituted 1,3-phenylene.
 79. The compound of claim 72 wherein R³ is C₃-C₁₀ alkyl or cycloalkyl.
 80. The compound of claim 72 wherein R is an optionally substituted heteroaryl.
 81. The compound of claim 72 wherein R⁵ is optionally substituted aryl.
 82. The compound of claim 72 wherein X⁴ is SO₂; and R⁴ is optionally substituted aryl.
 83. The compound of claim 72 wherein R³, R⁴ and X⁴ and the attached nitrogen are taken together to form piperazinylcarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.
 84. The compound of claim 72 wherein R³, R⁴ and X⁴ and the attached nitrogen are taken together to form perhydroisoquinolinyl carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.
 85. The compound of claim 72 wherein R³ is branched alkyl.
 86. The compound of claim 72 wherein R²⁰ is hydrogen.
 87. The compound of claim 72 wherein X⁵ is optionally substituted alkylene; and R⁵ is optionally substituted aryl.
 88. The compound of claim 72 wherein Q¹ is phenylene or pyridinylene, each of which is optionally substituted.
 89. (canceled)
 90. The compound of claim 72 wherein R, R^(1A) and X^(1A) and the attached nitrogen are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocycle.
 91. (canceled)
 92. The compound of claim 72 wherein R³ is not hydrogen.
 93. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 72; and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
 94. A method for treating a patient infected with a human immunodeficiency virus or in need of relief from a human immunosuppressive virus infection comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; Q¹ is a cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, or heteroarylene, each of which is optionally substituted; X^(1A) is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; and R^(1A) is —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R^(1A) and X^(1A) together with the attached nitrogen form an optionally substituted heterocycle; X² is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; X³ is —C(O)— or —S(O)_(P); X⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(q)—, —N(R¹⁷)—, optionally substituted alkylene, —CH(C(O)R¹²)—, or —CH(S(O)_(n)R¹¹)—; X⁵ is a bond, —N(R¹⁷)—, —S(O)_(q)—, or optionally substituted alkylene; R² and R³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹², —N(R⁸)R⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R⁸)R⁹, —OR¹⁰, —S(O)_(n)R¹¹, —C(O)R¹², alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted; or R³, R⁴, X⁴ and the attached nitrogen are taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocycle; p is independently 1 or 2 in each instance; and n and q are each independently 0, 1, or 2 in each instance; R²⁰ is hydrogen, or a prodrug forming group; R⁸ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(O)R¹³, —S(O)₂R¹⁴, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R⁹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R¹⁰ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —C(O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 0; R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 1; and R¹¹ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of —N(R¹⁵)R¹⁶, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, when n is 2; R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR¹⁹, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R¹⁴ is in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —N(R¹⁸)R¹⁹, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; and R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, and R¹⁹ are in each instance independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
 95. The compound of claim 72 wherein R is optionally substituted heteroaryl, X^(1A) is alkylene, and R^(1A) is alkyl.
 96. The compound of claim 95 wherein X^(1A) is methylene. 